Natural language is another way to say keywords. When we are searching with keywords, we are using the language that is commonly used to describe things. Searching with keywords expands the search because you can include synonymous or narrower terms for broad concepts. You can also specify what fields to search using your keyword(s).
Since keywords have a wide variation due to different spellings of the same word, multiple synonyms for a single concept, and acronyms for concepts; generating keywords can be a lengthy process.
Determine what synonyms are true to the concepts in the research question.
Keywords listed here are not exhaustive
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Concept 1: anti-smoking campaigns Some keywords may include:
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Keyword terms can have different morphological forms for the same word, such as alternative spellings. Here the hyphenated (anti-smoking campaigns and anti-vaping campaigns) and unhyphenated (antismoking campaigns and antivaping campaigns) would be used in a search because the database distinguishes between the two.
Syntax: in each concept, double quotes are used in this table around keyphrases. This is so that the database looks for these words in consecutive order. For example, if you want the word antismoking immediately in front of campaigns; you would need to typ*e "antismoking campaign*" *see note on truncation Double quotes are typically used as the syntax for this; however, check the database documentation on proper syntax encoding for searching keyphrases. |
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Concept 2: e-cigarette Some keywords may include:
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Concept 2 displays morphological variation for the e-cigarettes concept similar to Concept 1. The asterisk is used in most database for truncation. Electronic cigarette* is also used to search because it is a true synonym of the concept. Use both acronyms, abbreviations, and the fully spelled out versions of keyword terms for searching. |
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Concept 3: high school students Some keywords may include:
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Sometimes keywords may not look anything like the concept. However, those keywords listed here are true synonyms of the concept. High school students typically are in the age range between 14-18 years old. In this age range, they are legally-speaking minors. The last keyword, teen*, has an asterisk like keywords in concept 2 for truncation. The database will also retrieve results with teens and teenagers. |
Truncation should be used to search within a database because it accounts for word variability. It typically requires the use of a symbol to represent variation in word endings. For example in Concept 3, the keyword teen* is truncated at the end with an asterisk (*) to search for the terms: teen, teens, teenager, and teenagers. To truncate a word place the symbol where the word begins to change to account for various word endings. Truncation symbols can vary across databases.